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Accountability

Accountability is a core GDPR principle requiring organizations to comply with data protection requirements and demonstrate that compliance. More broadly, accountability is central to privacy, data governance, and responsible AI in the EU and U.S. Explore guidance on governance, risk assessments, AI and automated decision-making, privacy by design, security, vendor oversight, documentation, audits, and other measures for demonstrating responsible data and AI practices.

From Privacy by Design to Data Protection by Design: Principles and Practical Implementation

From Privacy by Design to Data Protection by Design: Principles and Practical Implementation

Privacy by Design embeds privacy into products, services, and business practices from the start. Explore its seven foundational principles, how they shaped Data Protection by Design under the GDPR, and practical steps organizations can take to turn privacy principles into everyday practice.

Commission v Austria Why Formal Independence Is Not Enough

Commission v Austria Why Formal Independence Is Not Enough

The CJEU held that freedom from instructions did not make Austria’s data protection authority completely independent. Its personnel, staffing structure, and the Chancellor’s access to information still created unacceptable risks of indirect influence.

Commission v. Germany: Why Data Protection Authorities Must Be Free From State Influence

Commission v. Germany: Why Data Protection Authorities Must Be Free From State Influence

Commission v. Germany held that data protection authorities must be free from direct and indirect State influence. Actual interference was unnecessary: the risk of political pressure alone could compromise complete independenc